The study, released today, concludes that the long-term cost target used by many carmakers in planning their future fleets of electric cars $250 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) is unlikely to be achieved unless there is a major breakthrough in battery chemistry that substantially increases the energy a battery can store without significantly increasing the cost of either battery materials or the manufacturing process.
"Given current technology options, we see substantial challenges to achieving this goal by 2020," said Xavier Mosquet, Detroit-based leader of BCG’s global automotive practice and a coauthor of the study. "For years, people have been saying that one of the keys to reducing our dependency on fossil fuels is the electrification of the vehicle fleet. The reality is, electric-car batteries are both too expensive and too technologically limited for this to happen in the foreseeable future."
Most electric cars in the new decade will use lithium-ion batteries, which are lighter and more powerful than the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries used today in hybrids like the Toyota Prius. Citing the current cost of similar lithium-ion batteries used in consumer electronics (about $250 to $400 per kWh), many original-equipment manufacturers (OEMs) hope that the cost of an automotive lithium-ion battery pack will fall from its current price of between $1,000 and $1,200 per kWh to between $250 and $500 per kWh at scaled production. BCG, however, points out that consumer batteries are simpler than car batteries and must meet significantly less demanding requirements, especially regarding safety and life span. So actual battery costs will likely be higher than what carmakers predict.
Despite this cost challenge, the report projects steady growth for electric cars and batteries. Electric cars include mild and full hybrids (like the early Toyota Prius and 2010 Ford Fusion, respectively), which combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) power train with supplementary electric motors to run the car at idle and low speeds; plug-in hybrids and range-extended electric vehicles (such as the next-generation Prius and General Motors’ Chevrolet Volt, respectively), which combine electric motors with a supplementary ICE to run the motors after the batteries have been depleted; and fully electric vehicles (like the Mitsubishi i MiEV and upcoming Nissan Leaf), which can only be recharged by plugging into the power grid.
Under the most likely scenario of the industry’s evolution, BCG estimates that 26 percent of the new cars sold in 2020 in the major developed markets (China, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe)?or approximately 14 million cars?will have electric or hybrid power trains. That same year, the market for electric-car batteries in those regions will reach $25 billion.
"This burgeoning market will be about triple the size of today’s entire lithium-ion-battery market for consumer applications such as laptop computers and cell phones," said Mosquet, noting that the forecast applies to all the components sold to OEMs for battery packs.
The report, titled Batteries for Electric Cars: Challenges, Opportunities and the Outlook to 2020, is a companion piece to a report BCG published in January 2009 on the future of alternative power-train technologies (The Comeback of the Electric Car? How Real, How Soon, and What Must Happen Next). The new report’s findings are based on a detailed analysis of existing e-car battery research and interviews with more than 50 battery suppliers, auto OEMs, university researchers, start-up battery-technology companies, and government agencies across Asia, the United States, and Western Europe. The report also draws on the firm’s extensive work with auto OEMs and suppliers worldwide.
To show how battery costs will decline, BCG uses the example of a typical supplier of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) batteries?one of the most prominent technologies for automotive applications. BCG’s analysis suggests that by 2020, the price that OEMs pay for NCA batteries will decrease by 60 to 65 percent, from current levels of $990?$1,220 per kWh to $360?$440 per kWh. So the cost for a 15-kWh NCA range-extender pack would fall from around $16,000 to about $6,000. The price to consumers will similarly fall, from $1,400-$1,800 per kWh to $570-$700 per kWh or $8,000-$10,000 for the same pack.
"Even in 2020, consumers will find this price of $8,000 to $10,000 to be a significant part of the vehicle’s overall cost. They will carefully evaluate the cost savings of driving an electric car versus an ICE-based car against the higher up-front cost," explained Massimo Russo, a Boston-based partner and coauthor of the report. "It will be a complex purchase decision involving an evaluation of operating costs, carbon benefits, and potential range limitations, as well as product features."
Beyond costs, other key challenges facing the electric-car battery market are energy storage capacity, charging time, and infrastructure needs. BCG believes that pending a major breakthrough, batteries will continue to limit the driving range of fully electric vehicles to some 250?300 kilometers (about 160-190 miles) between charges. As a result, fully electric vehicles that are as convenient as ICE-based cars meaning that they can travel 500 kilometers (312 miles) on a single charge and can recharge in a matter of minutes are unlikely to be available for the mass market by 2020.
Of the roughly 14 million electric cars forecast to be sold in 2020 in China, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, BCG projects that some 1.5 million will be fully electric, 1.5 million will be range extenders, and 11 million will be a mix of hybrids.
"In view of the need for a pervasive infrastructure for charging or swapping batteries, the adoption of fully electric vehicles in 2020 may be limited to specific applications, such as commercial fleets, commuter cars, and cars that are confined to a prescribed range of use," the report concludes.
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) is a global management consulting firm and the world’s leading advisor on business strategy. We partner with clients in all sectors and regions to identify their highest-value opportunities, address their most critical challenges, and transform their businesses. Our customized approach combines deep insight into the dynamics of companies and markets with close collaboration at all levels of the client organization. This ensures that our clients achieve sustainable competitive advantage, build more capable organizations, and secure lasting results. Founded in 1963, BCG is a private company with 67 offices in 39 countries.
