The batteries used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will increasingly be utilized by property owners and grid operators to provide a wide variety of energy services. The power potential of the batteries can be used to reduce the utility costs of a building, or when aggregated with other vehicles or stationary energy storage sources, to provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation. The expected penetration of PEVs will provide sufficient numbers to compete with stationary energy storage and traditional peaking power plants. The additional cost for upgrading PEVs to V2G is considered favorable to the creation of new power generation assets.
V2G is currently being tested in pilot projects around the world and will initially be pursued by fleets and large consumers of energy where vehicles have established schedules for being plugged in. The highest demand for V2G will be in energy markets that are more open to new technologies and with higher concentrations of intermittent renewable power. Bulk energy storage applications such as storing excess wind energy production at night and returning the power to the grid during times of higher demand have not been aggressively pursued due to the potential negative impact of frequent full discharging on the cycle life of the batteries.
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Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
2. Market Issues
3. Marketing and Commercialization
4. Industry Drivers
5. Technology Issues
6. Key Industry Players
7. Market Forecasts
View full Table of Contents
Key Market Forecasts
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEVs By Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, MD/HD Trucks by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs and MD/HD Trucks by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs and MD/HD Trucks by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs and MD/HD Trucks by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Market Evolution
1.3 Market Challenges
2. Market Issues
2.1 Development of V2G
2.1.1 Automaker Participation
2.1.2 Recent V2G Developments
2.1.3 Utility Involvement in V2G
2.2 PEV Sales
2.3 Ancillary Services
2.3.1 Energy Storage and Ancillary Services
2.3.2 V2G Market Barriers
2.3.3 Regional Demand for V2G in Ancillary Services
2.3.3.1 Markets in North America
2.3.3.2 ISO Regions
2.3.3.3 Markets in Europe
2.3.3.4 Markets in Asia Pacific
2.3.3.4.1. Japan
2.3.3.4.2. Korea
2.3.3.4.3. India
2.3.3.4.4. China
2.3.3.5 Markets in the Middle East
2.3.4 Demand Response
2.4 Virtual Power Plants/Microgrids
2.5 Vehicle to Building (V2B)
2.5.1 Demand Charge Avoidance and Peak Shaving
2.5.2 Emergency and Backup Power
2.6 Battery Charge and Discharge Rates
2.6.1 Bidirectional Power Delivery
2.6.2 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles
2.7 Management of PEVs
2.7.1 Smart Charging Management
2.7.2 Data Analytics
2.8 Equipment Requirements
2.8.1 Onboard Equipment
2.8.2 Premise Equipment
2.8.3 Utility Upgrades
2.9 Permitting
3. Marketing and Commercialization
3.1 V2G Applicability of Ancillary Services
3.2 V2G Revenue Potential
3.2.1 Regulation Services
3.2.2 Demand Response
3.2.3 Pay-for-Performance
3.2.4 Battery Leasing
3.3 Battery Availability for V2G
3.4 V2G Case Studies
3.4.1 Amsterdam Smart City
3.4.2 Better Place – Israel and Denmark
3.4.3 DOE-Chrysler Trucks
3.4.4 EDISON Project
3.4.5 Green Crossover Town
3.4.6 Los Angeles Air Force Base
3.4.7 Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project
3.4.8 MeRegio Mobil
4. Industry Drivers
4.1 Fleets
4.2 Trucks
4.3 Employers
4.4 Military
4.5 Expansion of Renewable Power Generation
4.5.1 Wind
4.5.2 Solar
4.6 Energy Aggregators and Energy Service Companies
5. Technology Issues
5.1 Security
5.2 Communications Standards
5.3 Safety Standard
5.4 Impact on Vehicle Batteries
6. Key Industry Players
6.1 AC Propulsion
6.2 AutoPort Inc.
6.3 Better Place
6.4 Bosch
6.5 Coulomb Technologies Inc.
6.6 Daimler
6.7 Dansk Energi
6.8 Dong Energy
6.9 Eetrex Inc.
6.10 EnBW
6.11 Energinet.dk
6.12 Envision Solar
6.13 Fleet Energy Company
6.14 GE
6.15 Grid2Home
6.16 Hitachi
6.17 IBM
6.18 ITOCHU
6.19 Mazda
6.20 Mitsubishi
6.21 National Grid
6.22 Nissan Motor Corp.
6.23 NRG Energy
6.24 Nuvve
6.25 PGE
6.26 PJM
6.27 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
6.28 Ricardo
6.29 RWE
6.30 SAP
6.31 SAE International
6.32 Siemens
6.33 Silver Spring Networks
6.34 TARDEC
6.35 Tendril
6.36 University of Delaware
6.37 Zam Energy
7. Market Forecasts
7.1 V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Vehicles
7.2 V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet Vehicles
7.3 V2G Investment
7.4 V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks
7.5 V2G-Enabled LD Vehicle Revenue from Ancillary Services
7.6 V2G-Enabled MD/HD Truck Revenue from Ancillary Services
8. Company Directory
9. Acronym and Abbreviation List
10. Table of Contents
11. Table of Charts and Figures
12. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes
List of Charts and Figures
•V2G Applications and Participants
•Diagram of Vehicle and Grid Interaction in V2G
•States with Deregulated Electricity Markets
•The European Grid’s Five Synchronous Areas
•V2G-enabled PEV
•Green Crossover Town Project Diagram
•Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•MD/HD Plug-in Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region: World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Annual V2G-enabled Light-duty PEV Sales, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Total Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
List of Tables
•Ancillary Services Overview
•Comparison of Battery Utility for Ancillary Services
•Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PHEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty BEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PHEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty BEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative EVSE Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•MD/HD Plug-in Truck, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Workplace Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative V2G-Enabled Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G Infrastructure Investment, Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
•V2G Infrastructure Investment, MD/HD Trucks, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
•Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
