* The site now manufacturers turbine shaft parts called nacelles, where many key parts are integrated.
* The production of blades, another key component, is being outsourced to companies in Poland, China and Turkey.
Fuji Heavy began mass-producing the wind turbines at a rate of three a month in August at a plant in Utsunomiya, converting a production line that used to make rolling stock. The site now manufacturers turbine shaft parts called nacelles, where many key parts are integrated.
So far, seven turbines have been ordered for installation at a wind farm in Kashima Harbor in Kamisu, Ibaraki Prefecture; 12 that Kansai Electric Power Co. (9503) will install on Awaji Island in Hyogo Prefecture; and 11 that Chubu Electric Power Co. (9502) will erect in Omaezaki, Shizuoka Prefecture. When orders that have yet to be announced are included, the fiscal 2010 target has been reached.
Fuji Heavy aims to capture a 50% share of the Japanese wind energy market.
The Eco Technologies Company has used FHI’s aircraft-related technologies to develop and market 40 kW compact wind power systems and 100kW midsize wind-power systems, and it is moving forward with the development of 2,000 kW large-scale wind power systems able to meet the power needs of approximately 1,500 households.
This large-scale system, the Subaru 80/2.0, employs a downwind-type wind turbine that keeps the rotors slightly downwind of the base tower. While downwind-type wind turbines are rarely seen anywhere in the world, they have special performance features that enable them to make good use of the updrafts that are characteristic of locations with mountainous and hilly terrain.
The Company is seeking to expand its wind-power business and thereby help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by developing technologically distinctive wind-power systems suited for the unique geographical and weather conditions of Japan, which has many small islands and mountain valleys and a high incidence of powerful typhoons and lightning storms.
Wind Energy in Japan
Total Installed capacity in Japan
2000-136 MW
2001-302 MW
2002-338 MW
2003-580 MW
2004-809 MW
2005-1,049 MW
2006-1,309 MW
2007-1,538 MW
2008-1,880 MW
Japan’s wind power industry installed 183 megawatts (MW) of capacity in the year ended in March, 2009, down 1.3 percent from a year earlier. Tighter regulations on wind turbines have restricted construction in the past two years and the world’s fifth largest greenhouse gas emittor has focused more on solar panels to help to fight global warming. Japan accounts for only 1.6 percent of the world’s wind power market.
The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) said in one report that Japan’s wind power installed capacity totaled 1,854 MW as of March 2009, with 1,517 turbines.
Japan’s wind energy industry has surged forward in recent years, partly spurred by a government requirement for electricity companies to source an increasing percentage of their supply from renewables. Development has also been encouraged by the introduction of market incentives, both in terms of the price paid for the output from renewable plants and in the form of capital grants towards clean energy projects.
Power purchase agreements for renewables also have a relatively long lifespan of 15 to 17 years, which helps to encourage investor confidence. The result has been an increase in Japan’s installed capacity from 136 MW at the end of 2000 to 1,880 MW at the end of 2008. In 2008, 346 MW of new wind capacity was added in Japan.
In pursuit of its Kyoto Protocol objectives, Japan has a target to reduce the level of its greenhouse gas emissions by 6% (compared with 1990 levels) in the period from 2008 to 2012. The official government target for wind power in Japan by 2010 is 3,000 MW, but judging from the current pace of installations, this target seems difficult to reach.
To help achieve these goals, the Japanese government introduced a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) law in April 2003 with the aim of stimulating renewable energy to provide 12.2TWh (1.35%) of total electricity supply in 2010. RPS targets will be reviewed every four years, and a new target of 16.0 TWh (1.63%) by 2014 was established in 2007.
The Japanese RPS law has a number of weaknesses, including a very low target, the inclusion of electricity generated by waste incineration as “renewable” and insufficient market incentives. Apart from the RPS, the Japanese wind industry also benefits from the government’s initial subsidies such as the Field Test and New Energy Business Support Programmes.
Wind power capacity in Japan increased quickly in the past ten years, but most recently the sector has experienced a slowdown. There are four major reasons for this slowdown, namely extreme weather, the lack of a stable legal system, grid constraints and the stagnating economy.
Firstly, severe weather conditions are constraining growth of the Japanese wind market. The country has a history of severe weather, including typhoons blowing down turbines, lightning incidents, strong gusts and high turbulence. A number of turbines were severely damaged in 2004 and in 2007. Therefore, a safety standard designed for Japanese meteorological and geographical conditions is being developed to provide technical measures against typhoons and lightning strikes and to help future wind turbine development.
Improving the integration between the International Electro Technical Commission (IEC) standards and Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) is an important task, because the aforementioned Japanese external conditions differ from those in IEC standards. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and the Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA) support this task under METI’s initiative to develop ‘J (Japanese)-class wind models’ with which any manufacturer can design a turbine any place in Japan. A guideline was created under the NEDO project for J-class wind turbines, which suggests some safety measures.
Secondly, the new Japanese building code became effective in June 2007, stipulating that a wind turbine 60m or taller will be considered a building. Under this revised code, the installation of wind turbines needs the government’s authorization, and the application procedure for planning permission is very complicated, time consuming and expensive.
The new building code effectively paralyzed the Japanese market for a whole year, before the first project was authorized under the new code in July 2008. However, the permission process is more standardized now and many projects have been authorized.
Thirdly, grid infrastructure continues to be a challenge for wind development in Japan. The leading regions for wind power development in Japan are Tohoku and Hokkaido in the north of the country and Kyushu in the south. The greatest electricity demand is concentrated in the center of Japan, while most potential wind power sites are located in remote areas where grid capacity is relatively small.
Limited grid access and the monopolistic hold over the power grids by regional electricity companies, who use variability issues as an excuse for not investing in more capacity, have also hampered the development of wind generation. Both the Japanese Wind Energy Association (JWEA) and the Japanese Wind Power Association (JWPA) therefore support further R&D activity in the areas of grid stability, technical safety, offshore wind and generic advanced technologies.
Finally, a shortage of available turbines in Japan has led to high prices, which is further accentuated by the depreciation of the Japanese yen against the Euro. in recent months, turbine prices have fallen due to the appreciation of the Japanese yen against the Euro in the second half of 2008. As a result, developers are attempting to resurrect projects that have been shelved previously. Nonetheless, new installations in 2009 are not expected to be high due to long lead times for the delivery of wind turbines.
Japan now has four wind turbine manufactures; Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI, 2.4 MW), Fuji Heavy Industry (2 MW), Japan Steel Works (JSW) (2 MW), Komai Tekko (300 kW). However, foreign manufacturers such as Vestas, GE and Enercon dominate the Japanese market.
Nagashima Wind Hill, the third largest wind farm in Japan, has 21 MHI 2.4 MW turbines and is one of the last wind farms to use these turbines. MHI stopped selling their turbines in Japan and now concentrates on foreign markets, even though it retains a domestic market share of 19%.
Despite its significant offshore wind energy potential, Japan has so far only developed 11 MW. The government has recently investigated the feasibility of wind offshore projects, and offshore wind measurements will start in 2009 under the NEDO project.
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